Glossary of Terminology

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F

face-to-face:

Sometimes abbreviated as F2F; a term that is commonly used to describe the traditional classroom learning environment where both the course instructor and students are in the same room.

FAQ:

Frequently Asked Questions; many Internet sites (such as web pages, FTP sites, and electronic newsgroups) maintain FAQs that provide a list of questions and answers pertinent to the relevant subject material.

female connector:

A cable connector that has holes and plugs into a port or interface to connect one device to another.

field:

A single piece of information within a database (e.g., an entry for name or address). Also refers to a specific area within a dialog box or a window where information can be entered.

file:

A collection of data that has a name (called the filename). Almost all information on a computer is stored in some type of file. Examples: data file (contains data such as a group of records); executable file (contains a program or commands that are executable); text file (contains data that can be read using a standard text editor).

filter:

Refers to: 1) a program that has the function of translating data into a different format (e.g., a program used to import or export data or a particular file); 2) a pattern that prevents non-matching data from passing through (e.g., email filters); and 3) in paint programs and image editors, a special effect that can be applied to a bit map.

finger:

A type of directory service on many UNIX systems; the "osu.edu" computer is a finger server. Queries take the format firstname_lastname (e.g., jane_doe) or for more complete information, =firstname.lastname (e.g., =jane_doe).

firewall:

A method of preventing unauthorized access to or from a particular network; firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or both.

FireWire:

A way to connect different pieces of equipment so they can quickly and easily share information. FireWire (also referred to as IEEE1394 High Performance Serial Bus) is very similar to USB. It preceded the development of USB when it was originally created in 1995 by Apple. FireWire devices are hot pluggable, which means they can be connected and disconnected any time, even with the power on. When a new FireWire device is connected to a computer, the operating system automatically detects it and prompts for the driver disk (thus the reference "plug-and play").

flame:

An insulting message exchanged via e-mail or within network newsgroups; a series of messages like this are called "flame wars".

flash drive:

A small device that plugs into computer's USB port and functions as a portable hard drive.

flash memory:

A A type of memory that retains information even after power is turned off; commonly used in memory cards and USB flash drives for storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products.

folder:

An area on a hard disk that contains a related set of files or alternatively, the icon that represents a directory or subdirectory.

font:

A complete assortment of letters, numbers, and symbols of a specific size and design. There are hundreds of different fonts ranging from businesslike type styles to fonts composed only of special characters such as math symbols or miniature graphics.

frames:

A feature of some web browsers that enables a page to be displayed in separate scrollable windows. Frames can be difficult to translate for text-only viewing via ADA guidelines, so their use is increasingly being discouraged.

freeware:

Copyrighted software available for downloading without charge; unlimited personal usage is permitted, but you cannot do anything else without express permission of the author. Contrast to shareware; copyrighted software which requires you to register and pay a small fee to the author if you decide to continue using a program you download.

fragmentation:

The scattering of parts of the same disk file over different areas of a disk; fragmentation occurs as files are deleted and new ones are added.

FTP:

File Transfer Protocol; a method of exchanging files between computers via the Internet. A program like WS_FTP for IBM PC or compatibles or Fetch for Macintosh is required. Files can contain documents or programs and can be ASCII text or binary data.

FWIW:

Commonly used in electronic communications, an acronym meaning "for what it's worth". Can be written in either upper- or lower case.

FYI:

Commonly used in electronic communications, an acronym meaning "for your information". Can be written in either upper- or lower case.

G

GIF:

Graphics Interchange Format; a format for a file that contains a graphic or a picture. Files of this type usually have the suffix ".gif" as part of their name. Many images seen on web pages are GIF files.

gigabyte (Gig or GB):

1024 x 1024 x 1024 (2 to the 30th power) bytes; it's usually sufficient to think of a gigabyte as approximately one billion bytes.

GPS:

Global Positioning System; a collection of Earth-orbiting satellites. In a more common context, GPS actually refers to a GPS receiver which uses a mathematical principle called "trilateration" that can tell you exactly where you are on Earth at any moment.

GUI:

Graphical user interface; a mouse-based system that contains icons, drop-down menus, and windows where you point and click to indicate what you want to do. All new Windows and Macintosh computers currently being sold utilize this technology.

H

handshaking:

The initial negotiation period immediately after a connection is established between two modems. This is when the modems agree about how the data will be transmitted (e.g., error correction, packet size, etc.). The set of rules they agree on is called the protocol.

hard disk:

A storage device that holds large amounts of data, usually in the range of hundreds to thousands of megabytes. Although usually internal to the computer, some types of hard disk devices are attached separately for use as supplemental disk space. "Hard disk" and "hard drive" often are used interchangeably but technically, hard drive refers to the mechanism that reads data from the disk.

hardware:

The physical components of a computer including the keyboard, monitor, disk drive, and internal chips and wiring. Hardware is the counterpart of software.

header:

The portion of an e-mail message or a network newsgroup posting that precedes the body of the message; it contains information like who the message is from, its subject, and the date. A header also is the portion of a packet that proceeds the actual data and contains additional information the receiver will need.

helper application:

A program used for viewing multimedia files that your web browser cannot handle internally; files using a helper application must be moved to your computer before being shown or played. Contrast to a plug-in which enables you to view the file over the Internet without first downloading it.

home page:

A document you access using a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer. It usually refers to the first page of a particular web site; it also is the page that automatically loads each time you start your browser.

host:

A computer accessed by a user working at a remote location. Also refers to a specific computer connected to a TCP/IP network like the Internet.

HTML:

HyperText Markup Language; a language used for creating web pages. Various instructions and sets of tags are used to define how the document will look.

HTTP:

HyperText Transfer Protocol; a set of instructions that defines how a web server and a browser should interact. Example: When you open a location (e.g., enter a URL) in your browser, what actually happens is an HTTP command is sent to the web server directing it to fetch and return the requested web page.

hybrid learning:

A course environment that combines elements of both online and face-to-face instruction; also may be referred to a "blended learning."

hyperlink:

Connects one piece of information (anchor) to a related piece of information (anchor) in an electronic document. Clicking on a hyperlink takes you to directly to the linked destination which can be within the same document or in an entirely different document. Hyperlinks are commonly found on web pages and in Acrobat files.

hypertext:

Data that contains one or more links to other data; commonly seen in web pages and in online help files. Key words usually are underlined or highlighted. Example: If you look for information about "Cats" in a reference book and see a note that says "Refer also to Mammals" the two topics are considered to be linked. In a hypertext file, you click on a link to go directly to the related information.

I

IBM3270:

A full screen terminal emulation required when you open an interactive network connection (telnet) to a IBM mainframe system from your desktop computer.

icon:

On a system like Windows or Macintosh that uses a graphical user interface (GUI), a small picture or symbol that represents some object or function. Examples: a file folder for a directory; a rectangle with a bent corner for a file; or a miniature illustration for a program.

ICS:

Internet Connection Sharing; a feature in Windows that when enabled, allows you to connect computer on your home network to the Internet via one computer.

IEEE 1394 port:

An interface for attaching high-speed serial devices to your computer; IEEE 1394 connectors support plug and play.

image map:

A graphic overlay that contains more than one area (or hot spot) which is clickable and links to another web page or anchor. Image maps provide an alternative to text links for directing the user to additional information.

IMHO:

Commonly used in electronic communications, an acronym meaning "in my humble opinion". Can be written in either upper- or lower case.

Internet:

A worldwide network based on the TCP/IP protocol that can connect almost any make or model of popular computers from micros to supercomputers. Because the campus network is a part of the Internet, all computers at OSU connected to it also are connected to the Internet. Special programs called "clients" enable users with a network connection to do things like process e-mail or browse web sites using the familiar interface of a desktop computer.

Internet Explorer:

A client program from Microsoft that comes pre installed on most new IBM PC or compatible computers; enables you to browse the World Wide Web.

Internet radio:

An audio broadcasting service transmitted via the Internet; broadcasts consist of a continuous stream. A drawback is the inability to control selection as you can when listening to traditional radio broadcasting.

IP address:

Internet Protocol address; every computer connected to the Internet has a unique identifying number. Example: 128.146.1.3 for the OHSTMVSA computer which contains the TSO and WYLBUR systems. Typically computers also have a name in the format computername.subdomain.domain.Internet_domain (e.g., ohstmvsa.acs.ohio-state.edu).

IRC:

Internet Relay Chat; a system that enables two or more Internet users to conduct online discussions in real time. IRC is not supported by OIT.

IRQ:

Interrupt request; refers to a number associated with a serial port on an IBM PC or compatible computer. It usually can be changed by flipping a dip switch. Occasionally, when you're using a modem connect to the Internet, you may need to adjust the IRQ number assigned to the serial port which connects the modem to avoid conflicts with another device like your mouse.

ISP:

Internet Service Provider; an organization or company that provides Internet connectivity. Example: If you're OSU faculty, staff, or a student, you're eligible for Internet access via Ohio State; another option is other companies like America Online or CompuServ that offer connectivity for a fee.

J

Java:

A general purpose programming language commonly used in conjunction with web pages that feature animation. Small Java applications are called Java applets; many can be downloaded and run on your computer by a Java-compatible browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer.

JavaScript:

A publicly available scripting language that shares many of the features of Java; it is used to add dynamic content (various types of interactivity) to web pages.

JPEG:

Joint Photographic Experts Group; a graphics format which compresses an image to save space. Most images imbedded in web pages are GIFs, but sometimes the JPEG format is used (especially for detailed graphics or photographs). In some cases, you can click on the image to display a larger version with better resolution.

justified:

A word processing format in which text is formatted flush with both the left and right margins. Other options include left justified (text is lined up against the left margin) and right justified (text is lined up against the right margin).

K

K:

An abbreviation for kilobyte; it contains 1,024 bytes; in turn 1,024 kilobytes is equal to one megabyte.

Kbps:

Kilobits per second; a measure of data transfer speed; one Kbps is 1,000 bits per second. Example: a 28.8 Kbps modem.

Kerberos:

An authentication system developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); it enables the exchange of private information across an open network by assigning a unique key called a "ticket" to a user requesting access to secure information.

kerning:

The amount of space between characters in a word; in desktop publishing, it is typically performed on pairs of letters or on a short range of text to fine-tune the character spacing.

keyword:

Most often refers to a feature of text editing and database management systems; a keyword is an index entry that correlates with a specific record or document.

killfile:

A feature available with many network newsreader programs; setting up a killfile enables you to filter out undesirable postings by subject or author.

kilobyte (K, KB, or Kb):

1,024 (2 to the 10th power) bytes; often used to represent one thousand bytes. Example: a 720K diskette can hold approximately 720,000 bytes (or characters).

knowledge base:

A database where information common to a particular topic is stored online for easy reference; for example, a frequently-asked questions (FAQ) list may provide links to a knowledge base.

L

LAN:

Local area network; a network that extends over a small area (usually within a square mile or less). Connects a group of computers for the purpose of sharing resources such as programs, documents, or printers. Shared files often are stored on a central file server.

laser printer:

A type of printer that produces exceptionally high quality copies. It works on the same principle as a photocopier, placing a black powder onto paper by using static charge on a rolling drum.

leading:

The vertical space between lines of text on a page; in desktop publishing, you can adjust the leading to make text easier to read.

learning management system (LMS):

Software used for developing, using, and storing course content of all types. Information within a learning management system often takes the form of learning objects (see "learning object" below).

learning object:

A chunk of course content that can be reused and independently maintained. Although each chunk is unique in its content and function, it must be able to communicate with learning systems using a standardized method not dependent on the system. Each chunk requires a description to facilitate search and retrieval.

link:

Another name for a hyperlink.

LINUX:

An open-source operating system that runs on a number of hardware platforms including PCs and Macintoshes. Linux is freely available over the Internet .

ListProcessor:

A program that manages electronic mailing lists; OIT is responsible for the ListProcessor software and also handles requests from the OSU community or new mailing lists.

LISTSERV, Listserver:

An electronic mailing list; it provides a simple way of communicating with a large number of people very quickly by automating the distribution of electronic mail. At OSU, mailing lists are used not only for scholarly communication and collaboration, but also as a means of facilitating and enhancing classroom education.

log in, log on:

The process of entering your username and password to gain access to a particular computer; e.g., a mainframe, a network or secure server, or another system capable of resource sharing.

LOL:

Commonly used in electronic communications to express humor; an acronym meaning "laughing out loud". Can be written in either upper- or lower case.

lurking:

To read a network newsgroup or electronic mailing list and not post any messages; usually considered to be good netiquette for those unfamiliar with the newsgroup. Most regular participants appreciate new contributors getting the feel of the discussion before jumping in.

M

MAC:

Media Access Control; The hardware address of a device connected to a shared network.

Macintosh:

A personal computer introduced in the mid-1980s as an alternative to the IBM PC. Macintoshes popularized the graphical user interface and the 3 1/2 inch diskette drive.

mail server:

A networked computer dedicated to supporting electronic mail. At OSU,there are two major servers used for processing e-mail: 1) smtp.service.ohio-state.edu which handles outgoing messages; and 2) pop.service.ohio-state.edu which handles incoming messages. You use a client program like Outlook for retrieving new mail from the server and for composing and sending messages.

mailing list:

A collection of e-mail addresses identified by a single name; mailing lists provide a simple way of corresponding with a group of people with a common interest or bond. There are two main types of lists: 1) one you create within an e-mail program like Outlook that contains addresses for two or more individuals you frequently send the same message; and 2) a Listserve type that requires participants to be subscribed (e.g., a group of collaborators, a class of students, or often just individuals interested in discussing a particular topic). For information about obtaining a Listserve mailing list, contact OIT at 688-HELP.

main memory:

The amount of memory physically installed in your computer. Also referred to as "RAM".

mainframe:

A very large computer capable of supporting hundreds of users running a variety of different programs simultaneously. Often the distinction between small mainframes and minicomputers is vague and may depend on how the machine is marketed. Example of a mainframe: the OIT-administered IBM computer that supports TSO and WYLBUR.

male connector:

A cable connector that has pins and plugs into a port or interface to connect one device to another.

MAPI:

Messaging Application Programming Interface; a system built into Microsoft Windows that enables different e-mail programs to interface to distribute e-mail. When both programs are MAPI-enabled, they can share messages.

megabyte (Meg or MB):

1,024 x 1,024 (2 to the 20th power) bytes; it's usually sufficient to think of a megabytes as one million bytes.

MHz or mHz:

Megahertz; a measurement of a microprocessor's speed; one MHz represents one million cycles per second. The speed determines how many instructions per second a microprocessor can execute. The higher the megahertz, the faster the computer.

menu:

In a graphical user interface, a bar containing a set of titles that appears at the top of a window. Once you display the contents of a menu by clicking on its title, you can select any active command (e.g., one that appears in bold type and not in a lighter, gray type).

Microsoft Campus Agreement:

An agreement that allows OSU departments to obtain a suite of Microsoft software for use by faculty and staff. The agreement also includes a Microsoft Select agreement for departmental purchase of Microsoft products not in the Campus Agreement, such as Project, Visio, etc. See http://oit.osu.edu/site_license/mslicense for additional information.

Microsoft Personal Use Program:

An agreement that allows full and part-time Ohio State students to purchase some of Microsoft's most popular desktop computer software and Windows 32-bit operating system upgrade at significant discounts. See http://uniprint.osu.edu for additional information.

Microsoft Windows:

A group of operating systems for IBM PC or compatible computers; Windows provides a graphical user interface so you can point and click to indicate what you want to do.

MIDI:

Musical Instrument Digital Interface; enables a computer to control devices, such as synthesizers and sound cards, that emit music. Computers with a MIDI interface can record sounds created by a synthesizer and then manipulate the data to create new sounds. A variety of programs are available for composing and editing music conforming to the MIDI standard.

MIME:

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions; a protocol that enables you to include various types of files (text, audio, video, images, etc.) as an attachment to an e-mail message.

modem:

A device that enables a computer to send and receive information over a normal telephone line. Modems can either be external (a separate device) or internal (a board located inside the computer's case) and are available with a variety of features such as error correction and data compression. If you're buying a modem, OIT recommends one capable of MNP5 or better.

moderator:

A person who reviews and has the authority to block messages posted to a supervised or "moderated" network newsgroup.

monitor:

The part of a computer that contains the screen where messages to and from the central processing unit (CPU) are displayed. Monitors come in a variety of sizes and resolutions. The higher the number of pixels a screen is capable of displaying, the better the resolution. Sometimes may be referred to as a CRT.

mouse:

A handheld device used with a graphical user interface system. Common mouse actions include: 1) clicking the mouse button to select an object or to place the cursor at a certain point within a document; 2) double-clicking the mouse button to start a program or open a folder; and 3) dragging (holding down) the mouse button and moving the mouse to highlight a menu command or a selected bit of text.

MPEG:

Motion Picture Experts Group; a high quality video format commonly used for files found on the Internet. Usually a special helper application is required to view MPEG files.

multimedia:

The delivery of information, usually to a personal computer, in a combination of different formats including text, graphics, animation, audio, and video.

multitasking:

The ability of a CPU to perform more than one operation at the same time; Windows and Macintosh computers are multitasking in that each program that is running uses the CPU only for as long as needed and then control switches to the next task.

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